9X6 – Dissertation Preparation for Honours History (2020/1)

The intention for my project is to discuss the writings of former black slaves in Britain towards the end of the 18th Century.

1. Edwards, Paul and Dabydeen, David. ‘Black Writers in Britain 1760-1890.’ Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

This source was accessed through JSTOR. It was found through searching for the writings of black slaves during the 18th century. The source highlights the significant amount of literature produced by former slaves throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries. Focussing on authors such as Ignatius Sancho, Ottobah Cugoano/John Stuart and Olaudah Equiano/Gustavus Vassa. This article is useful as it provides vast accounts of the literature produced by former slaves and their experiences within Britain and the slave trade as a whole.

2.Hanyley, Ryan. ’Beyond slavery and abolition: Black British writing, c.1770-1830.’ London: Cambridge University Press, 2018.

This source highlights the most recognisable authors of the century whilst bringing to light the lesser-known authors of the time. Hanley discusses the impact of black literature on politics, culture and the arts. This article is useful for my project as it has brought to light some of the lesser known authors of the century and in order to aid me in discussing the wider impact of the writing of former slaves on British society.

3.Equiano, Olaudah. ‘The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa the African, written by himself.’ 1789.

Olaudah Equiano is probably the best known author of the century for his literature and abolitionist work. Equiano’s bibliography is also one of the first known published writings by an African writer to be widely read in England. Through his bibliography, his experiences of slavery and his life after are discussed with great detail. This source is of significant use as it contains first hand accounts of the slave trade and comes from a widely trusted source, although he does have some critics. This source will be used to highlight the experiences of black slaves in Britain during and after the slave trade through the writings of Equiano.

4.Fryer, Peter. ‘Staying power: the history of black people in Britain.’ London: Pluto Press, 2018.

Peter Fryer’s book shall be used to provide extensive background research, with major reference to chapter 5, ‘Eighteenth Century Voices’. This chapter provides vast accounts of the major authors of the century and their experiences of their life in Britain, such as Ukawsaw Groniosaw and Phillis Wheatley. This source shall be useful to my project as it will be used extensively to provide great detail on the lives of the black authors of the century.

 

Rhys McGowan

My dissertation topic is going to be focused on Viking settlement in Northern Scotland in areas such as The Shetlands, Orkney and The Hebrides. My dissertation will examine whether the settlement was harmonious and there was assimilation or whether it was annihilation. I will use a wide variety of sources including primary and secondary however, there is a lack of plentiful primary material on the subject. I will also draw on archaeological evidence. Viking settlement in Scotland lasted over centuries, arguably from the 9th to the 15th therefore I will focus my dissertation from 850-1000 roughly.

Primary Sources:

Bressay Stone – 9th century.
This stone is significant primary evidence dating back to the 9th century and was uncovered in the Shetlands. It is an example of Pictish art and the symbols on the stone include two monks, various beasts including a boar as well as a cross. It also features a Ogham inscription which combines Norse and Gaelic names and words together which can be used as evidence to argue that Viking settlement in Scotland, particularly the North, had not been as violent as it is often assumed.

2. Somerville, Angus., and McDonald, Andrew. The Viking Age: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2014. This source was used extensively throughout the HISU9V5 module from last Autumn and it combines a large selection of primary sources that have been translated and well-formatted. I will use this source predominately as a way of accessing primary evidence from the Viking Age.
Source 20.4 – Unn the deep-minded takes control of her life.
This source is interesting as it shows the inhabitants of Scotland in contrasting lights. Firstly, it depicts them as hospitable and welcoming to Viking incomers – Ketil Flatnose and his family. However, his grandson, Thorstein the Red immediately went raiding and broke the peace. This can act as evidence that it was the Viking settlers who were the first agitators and provoked unrest. Thorstein was victorious in his forays all over Scotland and a treaty was made in which he gained half of Scotland and became king. Furthermore, he did not marry a native Scot but chose a Norse bride which furthers the theory of some Vikings being unwilling to assimilate. The Scots betrayed the truce, and he was murdered in Caithness. This gives insight to discontent amongst the Scots and their unhappiness at being ruled by a foreign and power-hungry king. This source is interesting as it hints at what could have been a harmonious blend of people and cultures turned into a hostile feud because Thorstein had a tyrannic regime. This source will be pivotal in my dissertation as it shows Scottish-Viking relations initially and why they sour. Although both sides broke the peace, the Viking settlers are depicted as being the agitators.

John White’s popular depiction of a Pict warrior -16th century. (image taken from ‘The British Museum – images’ website).
Whether this could count as primary evidence or not I am not sure, and it is also just an interpretation as to what Picts looked like however there is substantial evidence left from the Picts in stone carvings of themselves as to how they appeared. The consensus is that they were large limbed, red haired and semi-naked/naked people who sported symbols and art on their bodies and wore war paint. The Romans referred to them as ‘Picti’ meaning painted or tattooed people. This painting was produced between 1585-1593 and shows a practically nude warrior whose body is stained/marked with symbols such as birds, a serpent and other animals. Equipped with a scimitar (a curved blade) and clutching a dead man’s head which gives insight and supports the theory that the Picts were ruthless and savage in war and combat.

Secondary Sources –

Smith, Brian. 2001. “The Picts and the Martyrs, Or Did the Vikings Kill the Native Population of Orkney And Shetland” 36.
This journal article will be very helpful in my dissertation and Smith has a clear stance that the native population of Orkney and Shetland were ‘killed’ by Viking invaders. Smith diminishes any prospect of social integration or blend between the two groups. He also rules out the theory of native enslavement and claims it was nothing but a genocide that happened in Northern Scotland and to the Picitsh communities in Shetland and Orkney. Smith’s theory of genocide has received many counter arguments which I will also investigate, but this journal article is effective in arguing for annihilation.

Jennings, Andrew. 1998. “Iona and the Vikings Survival and Continuity” 33.
This journal article focuses on the significance and importance of Iona which is a holy island which in the 9th century had been a target for Vikings raids, yet it withheld them and survived. It had survived conflict between Dal Riata and Pictland before the Viking invasions and was a prominent and identifiable source of wealth in the Hebrides as well as a political symbol. This article is effective in arguing potential assimilation as it oversees a ‘peaceful’ era from 825-986 when it remains free from pillage. This could suggest is had a powerful influence over Norse inhabitants, particularly as some Norse Hebrideans had adopted Christianity by 870’s. Furthermore, in 1098, Iona was spared by Magnus Barelegs who burned and slaughtered for miles but left Iona untouched. This article will be useful in my dissertation and can draw on religion as being a reason for assimilation and in accessing the significance of Iona politically and why the Vikings went from seeing Iona as treasure to be pillaged to something that needed to be protected.

 

The initial goal and intention for my dissertation research is to examine the usage and significance of the Forth and Tay rivers during the Second Scottish Wars of Independence (1332-1357). Although this time period could extend to include the entire Fourteenth Century.

Primary Sources

• Rogers, Clifford J., ed. The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999.

This edited book contains a whole collection of key sources from English, Scottish, and French perspectives throughout the reign of Edward III (1327-1377). In particular interest for research are chronicles and accounts of the Second Scottish Wars of Independence. Additionally, the book includes Secondary chapters from numerous authors, most relevant to this study would be James Campbells, ‘England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War.’

• Bower, Walter. Scotichronicon. ed. D.E.R. Watt et al. 9 vols. Aberdeen 1987-99.

Bower’s Scotichronicon is one of the few extant contemporary Scottish sources that chronicles the period of the Scottish Wars of Independence. Although, caution has to be taken over the validity and accuracy of certain accounts and the actions and characters of individuals, as Bower was commissioned by the Stewarts to write the piece. Nevertheless, it is a useful primary source to analyse the Second War of Independence.

• University of St Andrews. ‘Records of the Parliaments of Scotland.’ https://www.rps.ac.uk/.

A valuable resource that contains the records of the Parliaments of Scotland for the period of interest for research (14^th century).

• Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Edited by Chris Given-Wilson, Paul Brand, Seymour Phillips, Mark Ormrod, Geoffrey Martin, Anne Curry and Rosemary Horrox. Woodbridge: Boydell 2005. British History Online, accessed February 5, 2021, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval.

This site contains the parliamentary rolls for England from Edward I to Henry VII. I only recently discovered this resource, searching for an English equivalent of the RPS. All the parliamentary documents for Edward III appear to be present (although some rolls are lost, as mentioned in the section for that roll).

 

Secondary Sources

• Cornell, David. ‘Sir John Stirling: Edward III’s Scottish Captain.’ Northern History 45, no. 1 (2008): 111-23.

This article covers the career and campaign of Sir John Stirling, a Scottish noble who fought in service of Edward Balliol and later Edward III. He is noticeable for conducting operations against Bruce Scots, specifically a crossing over the Forth to relieve the besieged Cupar Castle in 1336. Found this article reading the bibliography of MacInnes’s Scotland’s Second War of Independence. Stirling highlights how the Forth was utilised during the Second War of Independence.

• Harari, Yuval Noah. ‘Strategy and Supplies in Fourteenth-Century Western European Invasion Campaigns.’ The Journal of Military History 64, no. 2 (April 2000): 297-333.

Noah’s article explores the logistical structures and supply lines for Fourteenth century armies in Western Europe. Examining in detail the various methods of suppling invading forces via land, river, and sea-based routes and structures established. He mentions the technique and methods utilised by the English in their invasions and occupations of Scotland in the Fourteenth century.

• MacInnes, Iain. Scotland’s Second War of Independence, 1332-1357. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2016.

The quintessential book for studying the Second Scottish War of Independence. MacInnes’s book analyses and evaluates the conflict and its participants (English, Bruce, and Balliol Scots). It details in depth the military actions and operations throughout the war, the structure and doctrine of the English and Scottish armies, and the major English and Scots characters and individuals. I had previously found this book in the library a few years ago out of curiosity and knew it would be useful for a dissertation.

• MacInnes, Iain. ‘“Shock and Awe”: The Use of Terror as a Psychological Weapon During the Bruce-Balliol Civil War, 1332-1338,’ in England and Scotland in the Fourteenth Century: New Perspectives¸ edited by Andy King and Michael Penman, 40-59. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2007.

Another work by MacInnes, this article delves into the tactics and strategies employed by the Bruce and Balliol factions in the Second War of Independence. He highlights the brutal methods used by both sides upon local populations to ensure their loyalty and support. The guerrilla and asymmetrical tactics utilised heavily by the Bruce faction allowed them to continue contesting Balliol’s faction even after resounding defeats in pitch battles.

• Prince, A. E. ‘The Strength of the English Armies in the Reign of Edward III.’ The English Historical Review 46, no. 183 (July 1931): 353-71.

This is an article I discovered in the suggestions for further reading section of Roger The Wars of Edward III. Although an older source, it provides insight into the size and composition of the English armies and garrisons in Scotland during the Second War of Independence.

Annotated bibliography

I am still unsure about dissertation topic, but I am thinking about doing a topic along the lines of the the development of football from the period 1880s to start of 20th century

Primary source:

“English Football Association and Professionalism.” Edinburgh Evening News, January 20, 1885, 2. British Library Newspapers (accessed February 4, 2021). https://link-gale-com.ezproxy-s2.stir.ac.uk/apps/doc/ID3234910639/BNCN?u=unistirl&sid=BNCN&xid=3db12f1b.

This source was found through the British Library Newspaper archive, it highlights how there was a meeting between representatives of Football association and members of football clubs to discuss moving to a professional league or to maintain as an amateur league. It demonstrates the early efforts of attempting to commercialise football and how the football association were against this development and were reluctant to change. The meeting highlights certain rules for clubs and professionals. Although difficult to read, it is a very useful source that demonstrates the changing nature of amateurism to professionalism.

There is also the same account of the meeting by English newspapers but all published at different times, so I was unsure if they all regard the same meeting, or if there was a series of meetings.

Secondary source

Wigglesworth, Neil. The evolution of English sport. Psychology Press, 1996. (Access provided through Library Catalogue)

Within this book, Wigglesworth provides great insight into how sport in Britian had gone through a period of change in the second half of the nineteenth century. In particular, he illustrates through the themes of commercialisation and professionalism how football developed in the end of nineteenth century. By looking at how footballers started to receive a working wage and how football clubs began to operate as a profiting business, it provides an understanding of how this happened, and the benefits and consequences of this development.

 

The outline of my dissertation topic idea is: How significant was the warrior youth ideology in fueling Viking activity in the initial phase of the Viking Age (c.780-880)?

1. Jakobsson, Ármann. ‘Snorri and His Death: Youth, Violence, and Autobiography in Medieval Iceland’. Scandinavian Studies 75, no. 3 (2003): 317-340. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40920453

I found this article through JSTOR by searching for sources relating to violence and youth in Medieval Iceland. This article became the main inspiration for examining this dissertation topic as it alludes to the warrior youth ideology; being one of the few sources to even suggest this topic. This article will provide a classic example of the warrior youth ideology in use, in the later phases of the Viking Age (around 1229), through the deeds of Snorri Porvaldsson. It addresses the spread of daring and heroic deeds (by epics, sagas, poetry, etc.) in relation to violence and death amongst the young.

2. Barrett James, ‘What caused the Viking Age?’ Antiquity 82, no. 317 (2008): 671-685.

I found this article by simply searching the library catalogue for the causes of the Viking Age. This article will be important in engaging with the question of why the Viking Age started; providing Barnett’s view alongside other historians will allow me to do so. This article will be instrumental as it concludes by arguing that the Viking Age began because young men went to seek ‘bride-wealth’ and political power to prevail in Scandinavia; these motives evidently align with the debates of this dissertation.

3. Pedersen, Anne. “Late Viking and Early Medieval Ornaments: A Question of Faith.” In Conversion and Identity in the Viking Age, edited by Ildar Garipzanov, 195-223. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2014.

This second last chapter would be particularly useful to discover whether the conversion to Christianity from Paganism had a connection with the move towards a less destructive and violent period in the Viking Age. Thus, this would either support, or discount/weaken, the importance of religion in fueling the warrior youth ideology in the first hundred years of the Viking Age. This chapter also conveys male violence within Norse religion via religious symbols often including weaponry (e.g. Thor’s hammer); thus, perhaps, sub-consciously encouraging the warrior youth ideology in religion.

4. Somerville, Angus., and McDonald, Andrew. The Viking Age: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2014.

I found this source from previous use in the HISU9V5 module, remembering the significance of this source in providing primary source-based evidence. This reader is the main way of accessing various primary sources from the Viking Age in an accessible form (translated and presented clearly). The reader details numerous aspects of Viking life – in the cultural, political, and religious sense – thus it will be extremely important in understanding the societal influences in the Viking Age that drove the ideology of warrior youth.

5. Smiley, Jane. The Sagas of Icelanders: A Selection. London: Penguin Books Limited, 2005.

This is also an excellent collection of primary sources, which details life in medieval Iceland. The Egil’s Saga will be of particular use in identifying the societal influences of violence and death in relation to the warrior youth ideology; the promotion of violence from powerful figures and family members.

Primary sources

London Can Take It. Directed by Harry Watt and Humphrey Jennings. 1940. London: Ministry of Information. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022009

I found this short documentary style film in the Imperial War Museums archive which stores many different propaganda films from this time. It was mentioned in Wendy Webster’s article “The Whim of Foreigners’: Language, Speech and Sound in Second World War British Film and Radio.” It shows the terrifying experience of the nightly London bombings by German aircraft, demonstrating the civilian experience of the conflict rather than the soldiers’ front line perspective. Its underlying message of unity and courage of the London people is pushed on the audience, creating a feeling of patriotism and determination. It depicts the ordinary people of the nation as the real soldiers in the fight against Nazism, and the serious yet optimistic tone of the narrator shines a positive light in these difficult times as he praises the efforts of those in the city.

 

Listen to Britain. Directed by Humphrey Jennings and Stewart McAllister. 1942. Britain: Ministry of Information. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060005131

This short film documents moments in the lives of civilians during the war. It focuses on the continuing normality despite the conflict, paying particular attention to serene and quiet scenes in the countryside and in the home. The slow pace and calm atmosphere create feelings of peace in the viewer, and so promoted the idea that life remains good despite the country being at war. This source will be useful when trying to understand how propaganda attempted to reassure the country in a terrifying time.

 

Christmas Under Fire. Directed by Harry Watt. 1941. Britain: Ministry of Information. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060038894

This short film looks at how the nation continued to celebrate Christmas despite being at war. The narrator focuses on the positive, declaring the nation “unbeaten” and “unafraid” in the face of the Germans. He mentions how the children have new heroes – the men and women fighting and working towards a British victory. Even though it will not be a holiday like those before, the country aims to create a happy atmosphere in these trying times.

 

Secondary sources

Webster, Wendy. “The Whim of Foreigners’: Language, Speech and Sound in Second World War British Film and Radio,” 20^th Century British History, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2012): 359-382. 10.1093/tcbh/hwr039

This source was found on the Bibliography of British and Irish History. In her article, Webster explores the use of accents and language in British war propaganda films and radio during the Second World War. Through analysis of this propaganda and other primary source data, Webster considers the effect of such films on the views of the nation. She explores how films attempted to unite the country in the ‘people’s war’ through presenting civilians from all classes, but languages and accents unfamiliar to Britons were not always well received. She argues that British propaganda conveyed the nation as civilised and that the voices which told their stories were important in how they were perceived by the people.

 

Higson, Andrew. “Reconstructing the Nation: ‘This Happy Breed’, 1944,” Film Criticism, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1991): 95-110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44075959

This secondary source was found through a search on JSTOR. Higson explores the propaganda film This Happy Breed in his article. He argues that the time which the film was released means it should be viewed as an attempt to restore the nation to its pre-war self. It aims to unite the people as one after so many years of difficulties and create a new national identity closer to that before the wars. This source will be useful in considering why the propaganda films were made, and what ideas they aimed to change in the minds of the people.

For my dissertation, I am planning to research women’s role in the civil rights movement, and their role in the different civil right groups such as the SCLC, the SNCC, Malcolm X’s black nationalist movement and the Black Panthers.

Primary Sources
There are a few different primary sources I would like to look at it, which include newspapers, personal memoirs, photographs and newspapers from certain civil rights groups.
1.Photograph 306-SSM-4D-73-10; Photograph of the Civil Rights March on Washington; 8/28/1963; Miscellaneous Subjects, Staff and Stringer Photographs, 1961 – 1974; Records of the U.S. Information Agency, Record Group 306; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. [Online Version, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/we-march, January 30, 2021]

This a photo of the March on Washington in 1963, I found this photo from the national archives, while doing some research. I think this photo gives a good insight into there participation in the different groups in the civil rights movement.

2.https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/black-panther/index.htm
this is a Black Panther Party Newspaper, they have many newspapers dating from 1967 – 1970 and I would like to use them to see what their objectives were and where women played a part in them.

3. Huggins, Ericka, Interviewee, David P Cline, John Melville Bishop, and U.S Civil Rights History Project. Ericka C. Huggins oral history interview conducted by David P. Cline in Oakland, California. 2016. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016655435/.
This is an interview from a senior leader of the Black Panther Party Ericka Huggins, in this interview, she talks about her participation in the party and in the sexism that she faced but prevailed in.

Secondary Sources

I’m not sure if this book will be a secondary source or a primary but I intend to use it quite a lot. I found this book on JSTOR when I was looking for related books from articles.
1. Collier-Thomas, Bettye, and V. P. Franklin, eds. Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. NEW YORK; LONDON: NYU Press, 2001. Accessed February 3, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfhx4.
this book is comprised mainly of essays and memoirs and personal writings from female leaders in different civil right movement groups and influential African American activists during this time. I think this book will be very useful to give me an insight into the workings of the different groups and how women played a part in these groups. As well as their thoughts on each of the movements and their thoughts on the men in these groups.

2. X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. 1965. The autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press.

3. King, Martin Luther, and Clayborne Carson. 1998. The autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Intellectual Properties Management in association with Warner Books
4. Davis, Angela Y. 1974. Angela Davis: an autobiography.

by using autobiographies I will get am insight into each of these peoples thoughts about women in the civil right movement, however, autobiographies from a man’s point of view might not give me the complete insight into the women’s role in the civil rights movement.

I am currently researching two areas of interest and trying to decide between them. One of my dissertation ideas involves Africa and the Cold War, and the other involves the Anglo-Boer War relating to the experience of women and black South Africans in the camps and the opinions of British Feminists on these camps. I have done more research on the latter so far, therefore my annotated biography will revolve around this.

1. Krebs, Paula M. “The Last of the Gentlemen’s Wars: Women in the Boer War Concentration Camp Controversy”. History Workshop, 33 (1992): 38-56 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289138  Accessed 27/01/21

I found this journal article through JSTOR by searching for sources on the Anglo-Boer Wars and topics surrounding this. This article discusses the contrasting opinions of British feminists about the camps and the reasoning behind their opinions. The article also provides an insight to the experience of the women in the camps and sheds light on the black camps, which are far less explored generally. The source analyses the racial reasoning behind some opinions of the camps as well as the nature of war. This source is useful to my dissertation as it provides an insight into the relationship between the British, the Boer and the black South Africans, and helped provide an angle for me to undertake my research.

 

2. De Reuck, Jenny. “Social Suffering and the Politics of Pain: Observations on the Concentration Camps in the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902.” English in Africa, 26, No. 2 (1999): 69-88 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40238883 Accessed 30/01/21

I found this journal article the same way in which I found the previous, through JSTOR. In this article, the relationship between the British, the Boer and the black people of South Africa is explored. The source evaluates the way in which the stories of the suffering of black South Africans have largely been ignored and silenced and provides insight to their experience. The journal discusses the various recounts of the camps and also shows the differing opinions of British feminists at this time through their own writings, as well as discussing the British press’ portrayal of the Boer and the camps. This is a useful source as it provides a wider context surrounding the topic, as well as a deeper understanding into specific areas such as the experiences in the black camps.

 

3. Seibold, Birgit. “Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War 1899-1902: Two Perspectives.” (2014) https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/stir/detail.action?docID=5782061 Accessed 30/01/21

In this source, the documented writings on the camps, from the contrasting feminist perspectives, are explored and compared. The source discusses in detail the experiences of specific women and their outlook on the War and the camps. The work and opinions of Hobhouse and Fawcett are evaluated and the differences between their opinions are thoroughly examined. This source is very helpful as it provides a large amount of detail into the standpoint of many British people at the time and feminists. The source also provides clear comparisons between the contrasting opinions of Fawcett and Hobhouse which will be useful for my dissertation.

I plan on using the resources discussed in this week’s lecture and class to find useful primary sources for my dissertation. In addition to the sources mentioned, I have some physical books which have been very helpful in researching my topic so far.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Bellant, Russ. Old Nazis, the New Right, and the Republican Party. Boston: South End Press, 1991.

Much of Bellant’s book covers topics outside the scope of my research area but his detailing of the ties between former collaborators – particularly Nikolai Nazarenko – and the Republican Party is extremely useful in demonstrating the ideological and personal continuity between Nazi and Cold War anti-communism.

2. Davies II, Edward J., & Smelser, Ronald. The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Davies & Smelser examine the pervasive influence of former Nazis, especially ex-Wehrmacht, on the American popular consciousness during the Cold War. Most relevant to my topic is the discussion on the spreading of racist and inaccurate myths concerning Soviet soldiers in the memoirs of many ex-Nazis, myths which were often shared by US troops stationed in Cold War Europe.

3. Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz. Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist – Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Stuttgart: ibidem Press, 2014.

Chapter 6 onwards of this book provides invaluable information about the flight of Bandera and the broader OUN/UPA after the defeat of the Nazis and their subsequent expansion into anti-communist/Ukrainian nationalist organising in the US and Western Europe, as well as the alliances forged with Western governments.

4. Simpson, Christopher. Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.

Simpson’s book is by no means a perfect source due to some spurious conclusions, but his extensive use of primary sources provide an invaluable account of how many ex-Nazis made their way into the United States as well as the roles many of them would go on to play – as well as a discussion of the ideological effect the introduction of many bona-fide fascists was bound to have.

5. Tromly, Benjamin. “Émigré Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States Intelligence Agencies and Post-War Europe”. Contemporary European History 29, no. 1 (2020), pp. 44-59

Tromly has written widely on the topic of anti-communist Russian collaborators – this monograph examines the role of former ROA members in anti-communist politics in the post-war US, especially their relationship with the purge of suspected communists from the US labour movement.

6. United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Russian Emigré Organizations. 1951, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01445r000100420001-1

One of many CIA documents on the topic, this is a run-through of every anti-communist Russian exile organisation deemed as relevant by the CIA, and the connection of many with Nazi collaborators and fascist politics. It also details the support the U.S. government provided for many of them.

7. United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report: Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania. 1949, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00457r003500720004-4

Another CIA document, this report examines the political composition of the anti-Soviet Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania. This body had an on-and-off collaboration with Nazi colonial authorities and went on to play an important role in Western Cold War operations in Lithuania.

Hitler’s “Scorched Earth” Decree (Nero Decree) (March 19, 1945) and Albert Speer’s Response (March 29, 1945) http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1590

I found this document easily using the introductions Helen gave in the video on how to easily search and access documents/articles of specific subjects with sub categories to refine the search. In this case I used ‘Nazi Germany’ and narrowed down the year from 1945 onwards as I wanted documents from the end of the war to get an insight on what the media was recording or what it wasn’t recording on German officials.

The Editor-in-Chief of Die Zeit on the Nuremberg Trials (January 22, 1948) and the American Response (February 12, 1948)

I found this newspaper article in the same way as I found the above document, except this was under European History with the link of German History Documents which made my search easy and efficient as everything I was looking for was under categories in a timeline period. I selected ‘ 1945-1961’ which has the heading ‘Occupation and the Emergence of Two states’ then I proceeded to select the ‘Denazification and war crimes Trials under the Allies’ and this was a perfect selection of different documents for research for my dissertation to look at the Trails former Nazi soldiers or SS members faced after Germany lost the Second World War and they had to face punishment for their crimes.

[Diary written during the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg].

Diary with newspaper clippings kept during the time of the Nuremberg Trials of major German war criminals, 1945-1946.

This source was also found similarly to the above documents, on the website Europeana which gave me access to millions of European documents including the British Library. I then refined my search by typing in “Germany 1945-50’ and further refined it by using ‘Nuremberg Trails’. This gave me the selected Diary document that was written at the time of the trials which gives me a great piece of primary evidence that could be used for my dissertation research.

R.J Overy, ‘Interrogations : the Nazi elite in Allied Hand, 1945’

Using the Library catalogue I was able to find this book by searching ‘German War criminals 1945’. After reading the summary I knew this would be perfect for my research as it gives me a real insight of the interrogations of the German high command after the war was over by America, Britain and Russia. This made me wonder whether to specifically base my research on the trials or continue my research on what happened to the German high command after the war, were they punished and caught or did they manage to escape and live a normal life free from conviction.